Abstract
The essential oils (EOs) from twigs and leaves of the clonal P. bournei are great natural antibacterial agents with strong inhibition against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The main components of P. bournei EOs are sesquiterpenes, of which (+)- δ- Cadinene, Caryophyllene, and Germacrene D, with higher content, are potential key components inhibiting the survival of B. cereus and S. aureus. The common inhibitory mechanism of P. bournei EOs against B. cereus and S. aureus is present. First, the expression of 14 homologous genes including OppB, Crr and MprF was significantly dysregulated. Notably, it was the first discovery that the MprF expression was significantly inhibited by the EOs of P. bournei. Moreover, the OppB expression was significantly downregulated and the Crr expression was significantly upregulated, which can inhibit the membrane formation of bacteria. In addition, the EOs of P. bournei made 10 genes of B. cereus and 15 genes of S. aureus encoding ribosome large and small subunits dysregulated, including the genes encoding initiation factor IF2. The expression of genes involved in two bacterial nucleotide metabolisms (4 and 15 genes in S. aureus and B. cereus, respectively), energy metabolism (7 and 41 genes in S. aureus and B. cereus, respectively), and fat metabolism (5 and 11 genes in S. aureus and B. cereus, respectively) was also inhibited by the EOs of P. bournei. Additionally, the inhibitory mechanism of P. bournei EOs against two bacteria shows slight difference: the expression of KdpD, KdpE, and KdpABC related to K+ absorption of S. aureus was inhibited, and the expression of GlgA, GlgC, and GlgP that control glycogen synthesis of B. cereus was inhibited, both of which have negative effects on the bacterial survival. Some new insights into the broad-spectrum antibacterial mechanism of plant EOs and the development of new antibacterial agents will be provided by this research.
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