Molecular Mechanism of NADPH-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase Regulation through the C-Terminus of CP12 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract

In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) consists of four GapA subunits. This A4 GAPDH is not autonomously regulated, as the regulatory cysteine residues present on GapB subunits are missing in GapA subunits. The regulation of A4 GAPDH is provided by another protein, CP12. To determine the molecular mechanisms of regulation of A4 GAPDH, we mutated three residues (R82, R190, and S195) of GAPDH of C. reinhardtii. Kinetic studies of GAPDH mutants showed the importance of residue R82 in the specificity of GAPDH for NADPH, as previously shown for the spinach enzyme. The cofactor NADPH was not stabilized through the 2'-phosphate by the serine 195 residue of the algal GAPDH, unlike the case in spinach. The mutation of R190 also led to a structural change that was not observed in the spinach enzyme. This mutation led to a loss of activity for NADPH and NADH, indicating the crucial role of this residue in maintaining the algal GAPDH structure. Finally, the interaction between GAPDH mutants and wild-type and mutated CP12 was analyzed by immunoblotting experiments, surface plasmon resonance, and kinetic studies. The results obtained with these approaches highlight the involvement of the last residue of CP12, Asp80, in modulating the activity of GAPDH by preventing access of the cofactor NADPH to the active site. These results help us to bridge the gap between our knowledge of structure and our understanding of functional biology in GAPDH regulation.