Abstract
Plants endure many abiotic stresses, such as temperature (heat or frost), drought, and salt. Such factors are primary and frequent stressors that reduce agriculture crop yields. Often alterations in nutrient management and constituents, along with variations in biosynthetic capacity, ultimately reduce or halt plant growth. Genetically, stress is an environmental condition that interferes with complete genetic expression. A vast range of molecular genomic markers is available for the analysis of agricultural crops. These markers are classified into various groups based on how the markers are used: RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers serve to identify and screen hybrids based on salinity and drought stress tolerance, while simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are excellent for the assessment of stress tolerance. Such markers also play an important role in the QTL (Quantitative trait loci) mapping of stress-related genes. Dehydrins for drought and saltol for salinity stresses are primitive genes which regulate responses to these conditions. Further, a focus on traits using single-gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers supports genetic mapping and the sequencing of stress-related traits in inbred lines. DNA markers facilitate marker-assisted breeding to enhance abiotic stress tolerance using advanced techniques and marker modification.
Highlights
Plants endure various unfavorable climatic conditions during their growth cycles. Such conditions are comprised of biotic stresses, including attack by herbivores and infection by pathogens, and abiotic stresses, including heat and cold, drought, scarcity of nutrients, higher levels of salt, and hazardous metals and metalloids in the soil
A genetic analysis projected to localize with a gene that participates in glycoproteins metabolism in response to frost was carried out for Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and TRAP markers to evaluate genetic diversity in durum wheat genotypes
Abiotic stress control in agricultural crops is mandatory for higher quality and yield
Summary
Plants endure various unfavorable climatic conditions during their growth cycles. Such conditions are comprised of biotic stresses, including attack by herbivores and infection by pathogens, and abiotic stresses, including heat and cold, drought, scarcity of nutrients, higher levels of salt, and hazardous metals and metalloids (arsenic, cadmium, and aluminum) in the soil. Drought is usually associated with a lack of availability of water in the soil but can be exacerbated by excessive evapotranspiration [12] Such stress may occur under humid conditions and with high air temperatures, i.e., a higher temperature in the surrounding atmosphere. DNA markers based on hybridization techniques are categorized as RFLP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers These markers were used extensively during the 20th century for the mapping of genes and in other genetic analysis approaches in the field of molecular biology. The objective of this review is to describe the impacts of abiotic stress on agricultural crops and associated DNA markers for genetic control, gene mapping, and the screening of stress resistance traits
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