Abstract
This investigation aimed at developing BSA hydrogels as a controlled release system to study the release behavior of spin-labeled coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (SL-CCS) and warfarin (SL-WFR). The release profiles of these spin-labeled (SL-) pharmaceuticals from BSA hydrogels prepared with different procedures are compared in detail. The mechanical properties of the gels during formation and release were studied via rheology, while a nanoscopic view on the release behavior was achieved by analyzing SL-drugs–BSA interaction using continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW EPR) spectroscopy. The influence of type of drug, drug concentration, duration of gel formation, and gelation methods on release behavior were characterized by CW EPR spectroscopy, EPR imaging (EPRI), and dynamic light scattering (DLS), which provide information on the interaction of BSA with SL-drugs, the percentage of drug inside the hydrogel and the nature and size of the released structures, respectively. We found that the release rate of SL-CCS and SL-WFR from BSA hydrogels is tunable through drug ratios, hydrogel incubation time and gelation procedures. All of the results indicate that BSA hydrogels can be potentially exploited in controlled drug delivery applications.
Highlights
In the field of drug delivery, the integrity of the hydrogel plays a crucial role in protecting a therapeutic agent in the case of a non-biodegradable system until it is released out of the system, while the flow properties of some gels gain importance since they are used as injectable carriers for drug delivery purposes [44,45]
BSA hydrogels at different molar ratios evaluate cally triggered hydrogels displayed a slower decay those of the hydrogels prepared by the the the applicability of these structures as drug delivery systems
As discussed in the rheology section, the addition heat induced method at drug release rate gained from double integration of EPR spectra is dependent on the type of drug, acid to a precursor solution of BSAand ledgelation to a mechanically weak hydrogel
Summary
Conventional drug administration leads to an elevated drug concentration in the blood followed by a drop until the dosage is administered [1]. The administration of a single large dose causes the drug level to rise above the minimum toxic concentration (MTC), leading to harmful side effects, and rapidly decreases below the minimum effective concentration (MEC). Frequent dosing may maintain the drug level within the therapeutic range, it can decrease patient compliance [2]. Controlled drug delivery systems in which the entire therapeutic dose is administered at once can avoid high fluctuations of the drug plasma level, minimize possible side effects, and release the drug in a well-defined behavior over extended periods of time [3]. Various systems have been developed as controlled drug delivery systems such as polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) products [4,5], nanocarriers [6,7], smart polymers [8,9], hydroxyapatite (HA) [10], hydrogels [11,12,13], and others
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