Abstract
Worldwide, breast cancer has an eminent morbidity and mortality rate, as it is a neoplastic disease among females. The query of the prospective danger of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to humans is an old but exceedingly topical focus of scientific debate. The objective of the current study was to determine the possible relationship between BLV and breast cancer. A total of 2710 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast cancer samples were selected regardless of the age, ethnicity, or municipality origin of the subjects. The presence of BLV in human breast cancer was determined through nested PCR by amplifying tax and gag genes followed by partial sequencing. Homology was confirmed by using the online BLAST Tool. BLV genes were found to be positive in 26.8% (728/2710) of the samples from breast cancer patients and 10% (10/80) of the samples without cancer (negative control). The results indicated a correlation between the presence of the BLV gene and breast cancer (odds ratio = 0.3889; confidence interval = 1,18; p = 0.0029). The current findings suggest a possible link between BLV and human breast carcinoma. Therefore, screening cattle herds and milk products is suggested to reduce the viral transmission risk to humans.
Highlights
There are some controversial results from different countries, as the linkage of breast cancer and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was not found in malignant and benign cancer samples insilico[13,14] and in China, the researcher could not find the BLV gene segment from the breast cancer samples, nor was any positive serological test found[15]
BLV genes were found to be positive in 26.8% (728/2710) of the samples from breast cancer patients and 10% (10/80) of the samples without cancer
The current findings indicated a correlation between the presence of the BLV gene and breast cancer
Summary
Breast cancer has an eminent morbidity and mortality rate, as it is a neoplastic disease among females. The current findings suggest a possible link between BLV and human breast carcinoma. One of the recent studies in Panama showed 59% of the cancerous samples and 38% of the precancerous samples by identifying the gag gene[12] These initial findings are important to explore the zoonosis of BLV. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a less common type of breast cancer that is thought to be a risk factor for the disease. ILC, known as infiltrating lobular carcinoma, is the second most frequent type of breast cancer diagnosed in the United States, accounting for 10–15% of all detected invasive breast cancers. The most important purpose of the present study is to determine the existence of BLV in human breast tissues, which is an exogenous B-lymphotropic Delta retrovirus, an oncogenic member of the Retroviridae family and is responsible for enzootic bovine leukosis in cattle[27–40]
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