Abstract
This work studies the interaction between natural dyes obtained from Peruvian Zea mays and Bixa orellana seeds and nanostructured titanium dioxide in order to evaluate their function as sensitizers into solar cell devices. The effective attachment of dyes to the TiO2 layer is corroborated by the comparison of UV-Visible absorption and FT-IR spectra of the extracted dye solutions and sensitized TiO2 electrodes. The principal compounds from the seed extraction of Zea mays and Bixa orellana are cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and bixin, respectively, which were analyzed in an isolated dye/cluster TiO2 system by molecular dynamic simulation. The results showed that the chemisorption is carried out through a consecutive deprotonation process and Ti-O bond formation by the monodentate OH and COOH anchoring groups, for C3G and bixin, respectively. Finally, we tested the effect of the dye – TiO2 interaction on the charge transfer by the comparison of the current-voltage (I-V) curves and incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of the cells. We found that dye agglomeration in films with Bixa orellana and the high charge recombination of films with Zea mays are critical points to be solved. For this reason, we propose the pretreatment of the TiO2 film before sensitization with Bixa orellana and analyze the effects of pH in Zea Mays solution, in order to obtain better device efficiencies.
Highlights
MethodsMolecular dynamics simulations of the complexes TiO2 and isolated dyes were carried out with an initial separation of 5.0 Å between them
The third-generation of photovoltaic cells employs mainly organic molecules nanocrystalline materials
The detected functional groups confirm the presence of anthocyanins in the Zea mays (ZM) sample, which is correlated to the cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) structure
Summary
Molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes TiO2 and isolated dyes were carried out with an initial separation of 5.0 Å between them. The force field used is Reax FF for all the molecular dynamics simulations [31]. It allows the study of reactive environments, and its algorithms is based on the bond order calculations. The charge equilibration is performed in all the molecular system. The calculation of the binding energy of the dye/TiO2 complex is performed by the following operation, the total energy of the complex minus the total energy of each componen., taking into consideration the average of the total energy of the molecular system each 1000 fs
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