Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne pathogen that causes high morbidity and mortality. Efficacy of vaccines and antivirals to treat human CCHFV infections remains limited and controversial. Research into pathology and underlying molecular mechanisms of CCHFV and other nairoviruses is limited. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of CCHFV replication and pathogenesis in the past decade. Here we review the most recent molecular advances in CCHFV-related research, and provide perspectives on future research.
Highlights
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes a mild to severe hemorrhagic disease (CCHF) exclusively in humans, with case fatality rates of 5%–30%
Following cell entry and fusion, the genomic ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNP) are released into the cytosol and the encapsidated viral RNA (vRNA) serves as a template for the L protein to synthesize viral mRNA (Figure 1)
CCHFV particles are released by exocytosis often in the absence of discernable cytopathology and egress occurs from the basolateral membrane in polarized epithelial cells [63]
Summary
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes a mild to severe hemorrhagic disease (CCHF) exclusively in humans, with case fatality rates of 5%–30%. During the course of disease, CCHFV is widely distributed throughout the body, and has been detected in spleen, lung, heart, and intestinal tissues in fatal human cases [19]. Continued research into CCHF and the development of medical countermeasures is needed based on severity of disease, human-to-human transmission, the absence of vaccines or treatments with proven efficacy and the potential for a severe outbreak in the future. Research on CCHFV is limited, there have been significant recent advances in CCHFV research These include modern molecular tools and in vivo disease models that offer opportunities for substantial progress in the field, and further development of therapeutics and vaccines.
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