Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorder. Gut microbiota play an important role in the etiology of RA. With the considerable progress made in next-generation sequencing techniques, the identified gut microbiota difference between RA patients and healthy individuals provides an updated overview of the association between gut microbiota and RA. We reviewed the reported correlation and underlying molecular mechanisms among gut microbiota, the immune system, and RA. It has become known that gut microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of RA via multiple molecular mechanisms. The progressive understanding of the dynamic interaction between gut microbiota and their host will help in establishing a highly individualized management for each RA patient, and achieve a better efficacy in clinical practice, or even discovering new drugs for RA.
Highlights
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorder
In this article we summarized the current available data regarding to the correlation and underlying molecular mechanisms among gut microbiota, immune system, and RA
The mucosal immune system is a key factor to develop and maintain a healthy gut microbiota, which undergoes maturation alongside the gut microbiota continuously. By this interdependent functional relationship, the composition and functions of the gut microbiota play a critical role in regulating the Th17/Treg cells balance in the lamina propria and may influence host immune responses, tolerance, and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases
Summary
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorder. From a vast selection of literature, it is clear that the pathogenesis of RA requires the interaction between genetic and environmental factors [1,2]. A low concordance rate of RA in monozygotic twins indicates the involvement of environmental factors in addition to the genetic risk factors [3]. Previous reviews highlighted the role of the microbiome, another environmental factor, in inflammatory arthritis and human rheumatic diseases [6]. Emerging evidence indicates that the human gut microbiota may have a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA. In this article we summarized the current available data regarding to the correlation and underlying molecular mechanisms among gut microbiota, immune system, and RA
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