Molecular Impact on High Motility Group Box-1 (HMGB-1) in Pamps and Damp

Abstract

High Motility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a protein that is expressed constitutively in almost all types of cells. In response to microbial infections, HMGB1 is secreted from immune cells activated to regulate inflammation. Here we review the different mechanisms by which several herbal components inhibit the action or secretion of HMGB1 such as by modulating inflammatory activation, autophagic degradation, or endocytic uptake. High Motility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) was initially identified as a DN-binding protein binding to proteins that participate in DNA replication, repair and regulation of transcription of gene expression. Although the role of HMGB1 is not well understood, recent studies characterize the emergence of extracellular HMGB1 roles as prototypical danger signals that regulate inflammatory and repair responses. In conditions of sterile infection, injury and inflammation, HMGB1 can occur passively released from damaged or active cells secreted from the immune-activated cell. Inflammasom, a caspase-1-activating large protein complex, has recently been shown to play an important role in mediating extracellular release of HMGB1 from activated and infected immune cells. High Motility Group Box 1 (HMGB1, also known as amphoterin) has been identified initially as a non histone DNA binding factor revealed by almost all eukaryotic cell nucleations.