Abstract
Membrane distillation is a thermally driven membrane process for seawater desalination and purification at moderate temperatures and pressures. A hydrophobic micro-porous membrane is used in this process, which separates hot and cold water, allowing water vapor to pass through; while restricting the movement of liquid water, due to its hydrophobic nature. This paper provides an experimental investigation of heat and mass transfer in tubular membrane module for water desalination. Different operating parameters have been examined to determine the mass transport mechanism of water vapor. Based on the experimental results, the effects of operating parameters on permeate flux and the heat transfer analysis have been presented and discussed in details.
Highlights
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, as well as the leading cause of cancer death in men and the second leading cause in females globally [1]
A prospective trial assessed the relationship between Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-evaluated response and clinical outcomes by evaluating on-treatment changes in 18F-FDG and 18F] fluoro-3-deoxy-L-thymidine (18F-FLT) PET imaging among patients with Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with targeted therapy and verified that it is possible to achieve high reproducibility of scan acquisition methodology, as long as strict imaging compliance guidelines are mandated in the study protocol [67]
No clinical studies have been performed regarding molecular imaging in treatment of NSCLC with EGFRtargeted monoclonal antibodies, but the use of 18F-FLT PET has been investigated in a study of human lung cancer xenografts [96] demonstrated that SUVmax in tumor tissue significantly decreased versus nontreated control on day 3 after treatment with cetuximab (P < 0.01), while no difference in Computed Tomography (CT) image was visualized until day 8
Summary
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, as well as the leading cause of cancer death in men and the second leading cause in females globally [1]. Valid surrogates for shortening the time for therapeutic efficacy assessment have been applied in clinical trials, which can reflect change of tumor and help to make prediction of long-term outcomes Like tumor markers such as CA-125 in ovarian cancer has been already used as standard markers in the objective response assessment [33], in the context of lung cancer today, imaging that can provide an insight of tumor condition has long been applied in measurement of antitumor effect. We will discuss the current imaging modalities, especially molecular imaging, that applied in efficacy evaluation of targeted therapy for advanced NSCLC
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