Molecular heterogeneity of familial porphyria cutanea tarda in Spain: characterization of 10 novel mutations in the UROD gene

Abstract

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) results from decreased hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) activity. In the majority of patients, the disease is sporadic (S-PCT or type I) and the enzyme deficiency is limited to the liver. Familial PCT (F-PCT or type II) is observed in 20-30% of patients in whom mutations on one allele of the UROD gene reduce UROD activity by approximately 50% in all tissues. Another variant of PCT (type III) is characterized by family history of the disease although it is biochemically indistinguishable from S-PCT. To investigate the molecular basis of PCT in Spain and to compare enzymatic and molecular analysis for the identification of patients with F-PCT. Erythrocyte UROD activity measurement and mutation analysis of the UROD gene were carried out in a cohort of 61 unrelated Spanish patients with PCT and 50 control individuals. Furthermore, each novel missense mutation identified was characterized by prokaryotic expression studies. Of these 61 patients, 40 (66%) were classified as having S-PCT, 16 (26%) as having F-PCT and five (8%) as having type III PCT. Discordant results between enzymatic and molecular analysis were observed in two patients with F-PCT. In total, 14 distinct mutations were found, including 10 novel mutations: five missense, one nonsense, three deletions and an insertion. Prokaryotic expression of the novel missense mutations demonstrated that each results in decreased enzyme activity or stability. These results confirm the high degree of molecular heterogeneity of F-PCT in Spain and emphasize the usefulness of molecular genetic analysis to distinguish between F-PCT and S-PCT.