Molecular Genetic Understanding of Photoperiodic Regulation of Flowering Time in Arabidopsis and Soybean.

Xiao Luo,Mengnan Yin,Yuehui He

doi:10.3390/ijms23010466

Abstract

The developmental switch from a vegetative phase to reproduction (flowering) is essential for reproduction success in flowering plants, and the timing of the floral transition is regulated by various environmental factors, among which seasonal day-length changes play a critical role to induce flowering at a season favorable for seed production. The photoperiod pathways are well known to regulate flowering time in diverse plants. Here, we summarize recent progresses on molecular mechanisms underlying the photoperiod control of flowering in the long-day plant Arabidopsis as well as the short-day plant soybean; furthermore, the conservation and diversification of photoperiodic regulation of flowering in these two species are discussed.

Highlights

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Low temperature promotes FT sequestration in the cellular membrane of the CC, thereby reducing the level of soluble FT and delaying the transition to flowering [82]. These findings reveal the mechanism underlying how plants modulate the activity of florigen to optimize the timing of flowering in response to temperature changes
As early as the 1920s, it was observed that soybean varieties sown in different times in a year bloom almost at the same time, so scientist used soybeans and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) as model plants to uncover the phenomenon of plant photoperiod [84]

Summary

The Photoperiod Pathway in Arabidopsis

The photoperiod pathway begins with the perception of light signals by photoreceptors in leaves. Photoreceptors transmit the signal to the circadian clock The clock components such as ELF3 (EARLY FLOWERING 3) [8,9], ELF4 [10,11], PIF3 (PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3) [12], ZTL (ZEITLUPE) [13], FKF1 (FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1) [13] and DET1 (DEETIOLATED 1) [14,15], have been found to mediate the optical signal input of different photoreceptors. PHYB absorbs red light and interact with the RING finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase HOS1 (HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENE 1) to promote degradation of the CO protein [32,33]. The results of CO regulation by the above factors are: under LD, the CO protein accumulates at dusk; under SD, CO cannot be stably produced and accumulated

Regulation of FT Expression

FT Protein Movement

Molecular Basis of Soybean E Series Genes for Flowering-Time Regulation

Core Components in the Photoperiod Pathway in Soybean

Findings

Molecular Mechanisms for Adaptation to Different Latitudes