Abstract
Capsid protein of norovirus genogroup II (GII) plays crucial roles in host infection. Although studies on capsid gene evolution have been conducted for a few genotypes of norovirus, the molecular evolution of norovirus GII is not well understood. Here we report the molecular evolution of all GII genotypes, using various bioinformatics techniques. The time-scaled phylogenetic tree showed that the present GII strains diverged from GIV around 1630CE at a high evolutionary rate (around 10−3 substitutions/site/year), resulting in three lineages. The GII capsid gene had large pairwise distances (maximum > 0.39). The effective population sizes of the present GII strains were large (>102) for about 400 years. Positive (20) and negative (over 450) selection sites were estimated. Moreover, some linear and conformational B-cell epitopes were found in the deduced GII capsid protein. These results suggested that norovirus GII strains rapidly evolved with high divergence and adaptation to humans.
Highlights
Capsid protein of norovirus genogroup II (GII) plays crucial roles in host infection
The results suggested that the present GII strains formed three major lineages at a high evolutionary rate and the common ancestor dates back over 500 years
We completed a comprehensive study on the molecular evolution of the capsid gene in all genotypes of NoV (GII)
Summary
Capsid protein of norovirus genogroup II (GII) plays crucial roles in host infection. We report the molecular evolution of all GII genotypes, using various bioinformatics techniques. Some linear and conformational B-cell epitopes were found in the deduced GII capsid protein. These results suggested that norovirus GII strains rapidly evolved with high divergence and adaptation to humans. NoV belongs to the genus Norovirus and the family Caliciviridae and, at present, is classified into seven genogroups (GI–GVII), based on phylogenetic analysis of the capsid gene[7]. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive study into the molecular evolution of the capsid gene for all GII genotype strains, using bioinformatics algorithms similar to a previous work[22]
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