Abstract
Pea, one of the founder crops from the Near East, has two wild species: Pisum sativum subsp. elatius, with a wide distribution centered in the Mediterranean, and P. fulvum, which is restricted to Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan. Using genome wide analysis of 11,343 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a set of wild P. elatius (134) and P. fulvum (20) and 74 domesticated accessions (64 P. sativum landraces and 10 P. abyssinicum), we demonstrated that domesticated P. sativum and the Ethiopian pea (P. abyssinicum) were derived from different P. elatius genepools. Therefore, pea has at least two domestication events. The analysis does not support a hybrid origin of P. abyssinicum, which was likely introduced into Ethiopia and Yemen followed by eco-geographic adaptation. Both P. sativum and P. abyssinicum share traits that are typical of domestication, such as non-dormant seeds. Non-dormant seeds were also found in several wild P. elatius accessions which could be the result of crop to wild introgression or natural variation that may have been present during pea domestication. A sub-group of P. elatius overlaps with P. sativum landraces. This may be a consequence of bidirectional gene-flow or may suggest that this group of P. elatius is the closest extant wild relative of P. sativum.
Highlights
About 10,000 years ago, humans began the domestication of crops and animals, initiating one of the largest changes in human history
A total of 75,862 different sequences were obtained by diversity array technology sequencing (DArTseq); of these, 66,910 were polymorphic
72,679 (95.9%) sequenced fragments could be mapped to a shotgun pea genome (GCA_003013575.1) and, of these, 22,013 (61.9%) could be mapped to the pea RNA atlas; these correspond to 8405 unique sequences on the pea Infinium BeadChip (Illumina, SanDiego, CA, USA), known as the Genopea 13.2K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) Array
Summary
About 10,000 years ago, humans began the domestication of crops and animals, initiating one of the largest changes in human history. There are two broad views of the origin of plant cultivation and domestication, especially in the Near East. One proposes that crops’ origin was singular, rather fast (hundreds of years) and took place in the so-called small core area of south-eastern Turkey and adjoining parts of Syria [1], followed by further evolution of domesticated crops that improved their quality [2]. The Near Eastern center of domestication has been extensively studied [11,12] and plant domestication in this region has provided a large number of crops that are important today: cereals: einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.), emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), fibre and oil crop: flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and legumes: lentil
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