Molecular Epidemiology of Sapovirus in Children Living in the Northwest Amazon Region.

Marcia Terezinha Baroni De Moraes,Johan Nordgren,Lennart Svensson,Alberto Ignácio Olivares Olivares,José Paulo Gagliardi Leite,Maria Da Penha Trindade Pinheiro Xavier,Romanul De Souza Bispo,Sumit Sharma,Gabriel Azevedo Alves Leitão

doi:10.3390/pathogens10080965

Abstract

Sapovirus is an important etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), mainly in children under 5 years old living in lower-income communities. Eighteen identified sapovirus genotypes have been observed to infect humans. The aim of this study was to identify sapovirus genotypes circulating in the Amazon region. Twenty-eight samples were successfully genotyped using partial sequencing of the capsid gene. The genotypes identified were GI.1 (n = 3), GI.2 (n = 7), GII.1 (n = 1), GII.2 (n = 1), GII.3 (n = 5), GII.5 (n = 1), and GIV.1 (n = 10). The GIV genotype was the most detected genotype (35.7%, 10/28). The phylogenetic analysis identified sapovirus genotypes that had no similarity with other strains reported from Brazil, indicating that these genotypes may have entered the Amazon region via intense tourism in the Amazon rainforest. No association between histo-blood group antigen expression and sapovirus infection was observed.

Highlights

Sapoviruses belong to the genus Sapovirus within the family Caliciviridae, being responsible for both sporadic cases and occasional outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (AGE)
The GI.2 genotype detected in the Amazon region was clustered rately from the reference nucleotide sequences from Canada (KU973908.1 and Genetic characterization of sapovirusesSimilarly, using molecular difficult sepaKU973906.1)
Sapoviruses are recognized as an important cause of AGEGI.2, in children sets of primers, three genogroups distributed in seven genotypes

Summary

Introduction

Sapoviruses belong to the genus Sapovirus within the family Caliciviridae, being responsible for both sporadic cases and occasional outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (AGE).In lower-income communities, sapovirus frequencies in children under five years of age can be up to 17%, resulting in hospitalizations and severe dehydration [1].The sapovirus genome comprises a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome, which is approximately 7.1 to 7.7 kb in size and contains two open reading frames (ORFs).ORF1 encodes a large polyprotein containing the nonstructural proteins (including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp) followed by the major capsid viral protein, VP1. Sapoviruses belong to the genus Sapovirus within the family Caliciviridae, being responsible for both sporadic cases and occasional outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (AGE). The sapovirus genome comprises a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome, which is approximately 7.1 to 7.7 kb in size and contains two open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a large polyprotein containing the nonstructural proteins (including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp) followed by the major capsid viral protein, VP1. For the genetic classification of sapovirus, VP1 sequences are widely used because this region is more diverse than the RdRp region [3]. Based on complete VP1 nucleotide sequences, sapoviruses are classified into 19 genogroups, of which viruses from GI, GII, GIV, and GV infect humans and can be further subdivided into at least 18 genotypes [4].

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