Abstract
The Enterobacteriales order consists of seven families including Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae, Pectobacteriaceae, Yersiniaceae, Hafniaceae, Morganellaceae, and Budviciaceae and 60 genera encompassing over 250 species. The Enterobacteriaceae is currently considered as the most taxonomically diverse among all seven recognized families. The emergence of carbapenem resistance (CR) in Enterobacteriaceae caused by hydrolytic enzymes called carbapenemases has become a major concern worldwide. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) isolates have been reported not only in nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens but also in food-producing animals, companion animals, and the environment. The reported carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae from different sources belong to the Ambler class A (blaKPC), class B (blaIMP, blaVIM, blaNDM), and class D (blaOXA-48) β-lactamases. The carbapenem encoding genes are often located on plasmids or associated with various mobile genetic elements (MGEs) like transposons and integrons, which contribute significantly to their spread. These genes are most of the time associated with other antimicrobial resistance genes such as other β-lactamases, as well as aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones resistance genes leading to multidrug resistance phenotypes. Control strategies to prevent infections due to CRE and their dissemination in human, animal and food have become necessary. Several factors involved in the emergence of CRE have been described. This review mainly focuses on the molecular epidemiology of carbapenemases in members of Enterobacteriaceae family from humans, animals, food and the environment.
Highlights
The actual pandemic outbreak of the COVID-19 killing several thousands of people along with its serious negative global economic impacts worldwide is a clear indication that a lot of efforts need to be deployed to fight against infectious diseases and the increased global issue of antimicrobial resistance
Production of carbapenemases enzyme from gene located on chromosome or plasmid that hydrolyze carbapenem antibiotics shown in golden rectangles. (II) Decreased permeability of the outer membrane carbapenem antibiotics shown in golden rectangles. (II) Decreased permeability of the outer due to structural mutations in porins. (III) Drug efflux pumps
Even carbapenems are not registered to use in companion animals, these antibiotic are used as off-label for the treatment of urinary tract infections in dogs and horses and to treat after surgical procedure infections caused by multidrug resistance E. coli in the UK
Summary
The actual pandemic outbreak of the COVID-19 killing several thousands of people along with its serious negative global economic impacts worldwide is a clear indication that a lot of efforts need to be deployed to fight against infectious diseases and the increased global issue of antimicrobial resistance. The World Health Organization (WHO) published a global priority list of antimicrobial resistant pathogenic bacteria including some Enterobacteriales for which new antibiotics are urgently needed [1]. The expended spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) and cephamycins are frequently used against infectious. The expended spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) and cephamycins are frequently usedby against infectious diseases caused by Enterobacteriaceae. Carbapenems are a powerful group of broad-spectrum antibiotics which, powerful group antibiotics which, in many cases, infections. Are the last line of defense in many cases, areof thebroad-spectrum last line of defense against multi-resistant bacterial. Carbapenems are classified under β-lactams antibiotics, classified under β-lactams antibiotics, slightly different from the penicillin by substitution of a carbon slightly of a to carbon atom for a sulfur atom andpenicillin addition atom fordifferent a sulfur from atomthe andpenicillin additionby ofsubstitution a double bond the five-membered ring of the of a double bond nucleus 1).to the five-membered ring of the penicillin nucleus (Figure 1)
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