Molecular Epidemiology and Comparative Genome Analysis of Clinically-isolated MRSA Strains in Indonesia.

Abstract

Most strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) analyzed to date have been from industrialized countries, with information lacking on the epidemiology of MRSA in other regions of the world. The present study describes the molecular epidemiology of MRSA strains collected at a referral hospital in Surabaya City, Indonesia in 2015-2016. The similarity of strains isolated in Indonesia to known lineages of MRSA was investigated. Of 45 MRSA strains isolated in Surabaya, 10 were selected by antibiotic resistance patterns and clinical features, while excluding duplicates. Methods: Whole genome sequencing was performed using a next-generation sequencer, and the complete genome sequence of one of these 10 strains was also determined by the PacBio system. The strains were subjected to molecular epidemiological analyses, including the presence of drug-resistance and virulence-related genes, the determination of sequence types and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types and mutual phylogenetic relationships, using standard analytical tools. The molecular types of these MRSA strains showed significant diversity. Complete sequencing of the genome of strain IDSA1 showed that it belonged to the ST239 group, while also having unique mobile genetic elements. Conclusions: Despite the small number of MRSA strains collected in a limited area and over a short period of time, these strains were found to have arisen in many other regions of the world, suggesting that they had migrated into Indonesia through human movement. These strains also showed molecular differentiation after migrating into Indonesia.