Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are a continually expanding area in research and clinical applications. Their usefulness and capacity to differentiate into various cells, particularly neural types, has driven the research area for several years. Neural differentiation has considerable usefulness. There are several successful differentiation techniques of mesenchymal stem cells that employ the use of small molecules, growth factors and commercially available kits and supplements. Phenotyping, molecular biology, genomics and proteomics investigation revealed a wealth of data about these cells during neurogenic differentiation. However, there remain large gaps in the knowledge base, particularly related to cytokines and how their role, drive mechanisms and the downstream signalling processes change with their varied expression throughout the differentiation process. In this study, adult mesenchymal stem cells were induced with neurogenic differentiation media, the cellular changes monitored by live-cell microscopy and the changes in cytokine expression in the intracellular region, secretion into the media and in the extracellular vesicle cargo were examined and analysed bioinformatically. Through this analysis, the up-regulation of key cytokines was revealed, and several neuroprotective and neurotrophic roles were displayed. Statistically significant molecules IFN-G, IL1B, IL6, TNF-A, have roles in astrocyte development. Furthermore, the cytokine bioinformatics suggests the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is upregulated, supporting differentiation toward an astroglial lineage.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been an in-vogue research topic for more than a decade [1,2]
The adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) at day 28 appear to be highly stressed with overgrowth, cell death and areas of senescence; (C) ADSCs treated with the B27 media additive at 14 days post-treatment show a marked difference from the controls, with cells exhibiting the elongation of cells with bipolar region extensions reaching between cells
The key areas of interest tend toward understanding the molecular mechanisms driving differentiation and maturation as well as translation to clinical applications [4,31]
Summary
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been an in-vogue research topic for more than a decade [1,2]. Due to their ease of access through various adult tissues, they bypass the ethical dilemma of embryonic stem cells and modified status of induced pluripotent stem cells [3]. While those cells certainly have their advantages, MSCs have the benefit of being non-genetically modified as well as having a clinical readiness to maintain their autologous or allogenic status which is dependent on use [4]. This is primarily due to the enormous clinical applicability for a range of disorders from neurodegenerative, trauma, ischemia, and congenital and regenerative applications [4]
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