Abstract
Abstract The ATP synthesis in energy transducing membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts is analized as an energy coupling between energy-donating and energy-accepting chemical reactions. This coupling in realized by the special enzyme, ATPsynthase, functioning in essentially nonequilibrium state as a kind of molecular machine. It follows from the principal possibility of ATP formation from ADP and P; after fast enzyme local perturbation, i.e., deprotonation of certain acid groups, not only by membrane-bound ATPsynthases but also by the isolated ATPases of various origin. Closed membrane vesicles, i.e., thylakoids and mitochondria, are necessary only for the cyclic functioning of ATPsynthase during the steady state ATP synthesis.
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