Abstract
In this study, the phytochemical content of Amaranthus lividus extract and its multi-biological activities were investigated. Total protein, phenol, flavonoid, saponin and condensed tannin contents were determined for phytochemical analysis. In addition, GC–MS and HPLC analyzes were carried out for the determination of the active components of the extract. In determining the multi-biological activities, radical scavenging, anti-mutagenic, anti-proliferative and anti-microbial activities of the extract were investigated. GC–MS analysis revealed that the leaf extract of A. lividus contains phytol and β-sitosterol as major compounds and the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, vanillin and kaemferol compounds were determined with HPLC analysis. The radical scavenging effect of A. lividus extract was determined as 75.6% against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 85.2% against superoxide. In anti-bacterial studies, it was determined that A.lividus extract formed different inhibition zones against all tested bacteria. The highest inhibition zone was 14.3 ± 0.7 mm against Bacillus subtilis. In addition, the anti-microbial activity of the extract was demonstrated by molecular docking studies of the binding of gallic acid and phytol to aquaporin and arginase enzyme of bacteria, and the mechanism of anti-microbial activity was explained. A. lividus extract, which provided a 68.59–33.13% reduction in the formation of chromosomal aberrations such as unequal distribution of chromatin, micronucleus formation, fragment, sticky chromosome, bridge and vagrant chromosome, exhibited a strong anti-mutagenic effect. A. lividus extract has a reducing effect on the number of dividing cells and exhibits an anti-proliferative effect of 25.7% compared to the control group. The antiproliferative mechanism of action was investigated by molecular docking and it was determined that the gallic acid and phytol in the extract decreased proliferation by interacting with telomerase. As a result, A.lividus extract consumed as food is a potential natural anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic and anti-proliferative source with its rich phytochemical content.
Highlights
In this study, the phytochemical content of Amaranthus lividus extract and its multi-biological activities were investigated
The biological functions of the extract were determined by testing its free radical scavenging, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-mutagenic and anti-proliferative activities
Bioactive compounds detected in all phytochemical analyzes carried out within the scope of this study provide the formation of radical scavenging activity of A. lividus leaf extract, and major compounds such as gallic acid, caffeic acid and phytol contribute to this effect being stronger
Summary
The phytochemical content of Amaranthus lividus extract and its multi-biological activities were investigated. In determining the multi-biological activities, radical scavenging, anti-mutagenic, anti-proliferative and anti-microbial activities of the extract were investigated. Antioxidants are the focus of many studies day by day due to their ability to remove the negative effects of free radicals In this context, phenolic and flavonoid compounds in A. lividus extract, tannin and saponin content, which exhibit strong anti-microbial activity, were investigated, and GC–MS and HPLC analyzes were carried out to detect bioactive compounds. The multi-biological effects of A. lividus extract were investigated with anti-microbial, anti-proliferative, anti-mutagenic, radical scavenging and anti-diabetic activities. The radical scavenging, anti-mutagenic, anti-proliferative and anti-microbial effects of the extract were investigated and associated with the phytochemical content. The anti-microbial and anti-proliferative activities of the extract were demonstrated by molecular docking studies
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