Molecular Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Associated with Carissa edulis, an Endangered Plant Species along Lake Victoria Basin of Kenya

Benard O Ogoma,Jane Ngaira,Josephine W Kimani,Stephen F Omondi,Manoj Kumar Solanki

doi:10.1155/2021/7792282

Abstract

Carissa edulis is a tropical plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The species is widely used in the preparation of various herbal medicines. Earlier works in Kenya show that an aqueous extract from the roots of C. edulis has remarkable anti-herpes simplex virus. Due to its medicinal value, the species has been overexploited in its natural range and requires conservation interventions. Studies show that the species has beneficial relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that can enhance restoration of its population; however, no study has been undertaken to document the diversity of these AMF species. This study evaluated the genetic diversity of AMF associated with the roots of C. edulis within Lake Victoria basin ecosystem of Kenya. A cross-sectional, laboratory-based prospective study was carried out from roots of C. edulis collected from six sites within the ecosystem. Root samples were collected from 6 points (replicates) per site. AMF was assessed through morphological characterization and sequencing of small subunit of ribosomal DNA. Morphological identification identified four genera of AMF (Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Scutellospora, and Glomus) with no significant difference among the sites. Molecular analysis also revealed presence of four genera, but only two (Glomus and Acaulospora) were common for both the analyses with Glomus as the most predominant genera. In all the sites, there were large numbers of spores both in soil and in the roots confirming the association between C. edulis and AMF.

Highlights

Carissa edulis is a spiny evergreen shrub or tree having grey bark, with straight woody spines of about 5 cm, often in pairs
Carissa edulis is widespread in many parts of Africa [1]. e species grows at forest edges, in forests and woodlands where Euphorbia, Acacia, and Croton commonly occur, especially on rocky hillsides, on clay soils, mainly black cotton soils, in dry and moist low and midlands of 1500–2500 m [1]. e species was once common across Lake Victoria basin ecosystem; its distribution is currently dwindling due to overexploitation
C. edulis is highly sought for its medicinal value in East Africa and Africa as a whole. is has led to indiscriminate overexploitation of the species, together with other factors such as deforestation and climate change which has resulted in habitat loss, thereby leaving only patches of C. edulis

Summary

Introduction

Carissa edulis is a spiny evergreen shrub or tree having grey bark, with straight woody spines of about 5 cm, often in pairs. E berries are round approximately 1 cm and purple-black when ripe. Carissa edulis is widespread in many parts of Africa [1]. East African communities commonly use C. edulis as herbal medicine in different ways. In Kenya, a study by Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) has shown that an aqueous extract from the roots of C. edulis has remarkable anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) which is a major opportunistic infection in immunocompromised persons [3]. Herpes simplex virus is a serious threat in HIV/AIDS prone areas in sub-Saharan Africa. C. edulis is highly sought for its medicinal value in East Africa and Africa as a whole. Is has led to indiscriminate overexploitation of the species, together with other factors such as deforestation and climate change which has resulted in habitat loss, thereby leaving only patches of C. edulis C. edulis is highly sought for its medicinal value in East Africa and Africa as a whole. is has led to indiscriminate overexploitation of the species, together with other factors such as deforestation and climate change which has resulted in habitat loss, thereby leaving only patches of C. edulis

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Conclusion