Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-related gastroenteritis and is also an autochthonous member of marine and estuarine environments worldwide. One-hundred seventy strains of V. parahaemolyticus were isolated from water and plankton samples collected along the Georgian coast of the Black Sea during 28 months of sample collection. All isolated strains were tested for presence of tlh, trh, and tdh. A subset of strains were serotyped and tested for additional factors and markers of pandemicity. Twenty-six serotypes, five of which are clinically relevant, were identified. Although all 170 isolates were negative for tdh, trh, and the Kanagawa Phenomenon, 7 possessed the GS-PCR sequence and 27 the 850 bp sequence of V. parahaemolyticus pandemic strains. The V. parahaemolyticus population in the Black Sea was estimated to be genomically heterogeneous by rep-PCR and the serodiversity observed did not correlate with rep-PCR genomic diversity. Statistical modeling was used to predict presence of V. parahaemolyticus as a function of water temperature, with strongest concordance observed for Green Cape site samples (Percent of total variance = 70, P < 0.001). Results demonstrate a diverse population of V. parahaemolyticus in the Black Sea, some of which carry pandemic markers, with increased water temperature correlated to an increase in abundance of V. parahaemolyticus.
Highlights
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a halophilic bacterium, is a causative agent of seafood-related gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia and is known to occur in marine, estuarine, and brackish water environments globally with sporadic occurrence in fresh water (Sarkar et al, 1985; DePaola et al, 2000; Wong et al, 2000; Alam et al, 2009)
DETECTION OF V. parahaemolyticus In total, 170 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus were recovered from Black Sea water and plankton samples collected along the Georgian coast, of which 101 were from water, 30 from the 64 μm fraction, and 39 from the 200 μm fraction of plankton (Figure 2)
Median water temperatures and salinities for all fractions positive for V. parahaemolyticus were higher than those that were negative for V. parahaemolyticus, while the opposite was observed for dissolved oxygen (Table 1)
Summary
A halophilic bacterium, is a causative agent of seafood-related gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia and is known to occur in marine, estuarine, and brackish water environments globally with sporadic occurrence in fresh water (Sarkar et al, 1985; DePaola et al, 2000; Wong et al, 2000; Alam et al, 2009). In addition to notoriety as a causative agent of human infection, the organism is autochthonous to marine and brackish water ecosystems and, similar to other Vibrio spp., degrades chitin (Kaneko and Colwell, 1974; Kadokura et al, 2007). The TTSS1 found in all V. parahaemolyticus strains examined to date has been shown to translocate an effector protein (VP1686) into the cytosol of macrophages and induce DNA fragmentation and another effector protein (VP1680) has been shown to play a role in cytotoxicity in eukaryotic cells (Bhattacharjee et al, 2006; Ono et al, 2006). V. parahaemolyticus strains lacking TDH, TRH, and TTSS2 have frequently been isolated from www.frontiersin.org
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