Abstract
Plant developmental processes are very flexible and highly depend on environmental factors. This is largely due to the existence of regulatory mechanisms that systemically control development on the whole plant level. In plants, regulatory peptides produced in the roots have been identified that are activated in response to different factors influencing root system, such as variation in the level of macronutrients (first of all, nitrogen and phosphorus) in the soil, influence of symbiotic microorganisms (soil rhizobial bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi), and water deficiency. Among the systemically acting peptides, the most thoroughly investigated are CLE (CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related) and CEP (C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDES) peptides that are capable of travelling through the xylem from the roots to the shoot and triggering responses via binding to specific receptors operating in the phloem of the leaf. This review focuses on the role of these two groups of peptides in molecular dialog between the root and shoot.
Highlights
Terrestrial plants consist of two main parts: the shoot responsible for carbon assimilation from the air in the course of photosynthesis and the root system engaged in uptake of water and mineral substances from the soil
This review focuses on peptides from families CLE (CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related) [3, 4] and CEP (C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDES) [5] belonging to the group of posttranslationally modified peptides (PTMP) and often playing antagonistic roles in plant development
CLE peptides are mobile components of WOXCLAVATA regulatory systems comprising receptors of CLE peptides—serine-threonine protein kinases with leucine-rich repeats in the ligand-binding domain [18] and a poorly known signal pathway [19] that targets the genes from the WUSСHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) family encoding WOX transcription factors (TF) [20, 21]
Summary
Terrestrial plants consist of two main parts: the shoot responsible for carbon assimilation from the air in the course of photosynthesis and the root system engaged in uptake of water and mineral substances from the soil. CLE peptides are mobile components of WOXCLAVATA regulatory systems comprising receptors of CLE peptides—serine-threonine protein kinases with leucine-rich repeats in the ligand-binding domain (members of family LRR-RLK, LeucineRich Repeats containing Receptor-Like Kinases) [18] and a poorly known signal pathway [19] that targets the genes from the WUSСHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) family encoding WOX transcription factors (TF) [20, 21]. It was shown that some CLE peptides are capable of long-distance transport from the roots to leaves along the xylem mediating plant response to interaction with symbiotic organisms (rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and to changes in the content of mineral substances (nitrogen and phosphorus) and drought
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