Abstract
Colorectal cancer, a clinically diverse disease, is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Application of novel molecular diagnostic tests, which are summarized in this article, may lead to an improved survival of colorectal cancer patients. Distinction of these applications is based on the different molecular principles found in colorectal cancer (CRC). Strategies for molecular analysis of single genes (as KRAS or TP53) as well as microarray based techniques are discussed. Moreover, in addition to the fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and colonoscopy some novel assays offer approaches for early detection of colorectal cancer like the multitarget stool DNA test or the blood-based Septin 9 DNA methylation test. Liquid biopsy analysis may also exhibit great diagnostic potential in CRC for monitoring developing resistance to treatment. These new diagnostic tools and the definition of molecular biomarkers in CRC will improve early detection and targeted therapy of colorectal cancer.
Highlights
More than 1.2 million new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are reported every year resulting in ~600,000 deaths [1]
The risk to get CRC rises with increasing age: 90% of new cases occur in people who are 50 years or older
A combination of fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and the biochip array may improve the performance of CRC screening because neither compliance nor diagnostic performance of both methods alone seems to be satisfying
Summary
More than 1.2 million new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are reported every year resulting in ~600,000 deaths [1]. Microarrays 2014, 3 widely according to individual risk factors i.e., intestinal polyps. CRC is divided into Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stage I–IV cancers. Adjuvant therapy is widely considered the standard of care in patients with UICC stage III CRC. The role of this therapy is controversial in stage II patients because the overall benefit is small [3]. This review article summarizes the current status and the perspectives of clinical applications of predominantly microarray-based assays in colorectal cancer. There are many promising applications which will support early detection and targeted therapies in colorectal cancer.
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