Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market.

Sobur Sobur,Hasan Hasan,Noreddin Noreddin,El Zowalaty El Zowalaty,Mridul Mridul,Haque Haque,Rahman Rahman

doi:10.3390/pathogens8040191

Sobur Sobur, Hasan Hasan + Show 5 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040191

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Abstract

Houseflies (Musca domestica) are well-known mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria. Fish sold in open markets are exposed to houseflies. The present study investigated the prevalence and antibiotypes of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. in houseflies captured from a fish market. Direct interviews with fish vendors and consumers were also performed to draw their perceptions about the role of flies in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A total of 60 houseflies were captured from a local fish market in Bangladesh. The presence of Salmonella spp. was confirmed using PCR method. Antibiogram was determined by the disk diffusion method, followed by the detection of tetA, tetB, and qnrA resistance genes by PCR. From the interview, it was found that most of the consumers and vendors were not aware of antibiotic resistance, but reported that flies can carry pathogens. Salmonella spp. were identified from the surface of 34 (56.7%) houseflies, of which 31 (91.2%) were found to be MDR. This study revealed 25 antibiotypes among the isolated Salmonella spp. All tested isolates were found to be resistant to tetracycline. tetA and tetB were detected in 100% and 47.1% of the isolates, respectively. Among the 10 isolates phenotypically found resistant to ciprofloxacin, six (60%) were found to be positive for qnrA gene. As far as we know, this is the first study from Bangladesh to report and describe the molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. in houseflies in a fish market facility. The occurrence of a high level of MDR Salmonella in houseflies in the fish market is of great public health concerns.

Highlights

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is globally recognized as a serious human health threat.The rapid dissemination of AMR genes is remarkable under selective pressure due to widespread and imprudent use of antibiotics [1]
In response to an argument addressed to the vendors whether they realize the necessity of preventing flies in their fish shops, the participated vendors (n = 6) agreed that the flies should be controlled in fish markets
The findings of the current study are of public health importance, as it represents the first report on the occurrence and antibiotyping of multiple antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. in flies infesting fresh fishes in a marketplace in Bangladesh

Summary

Introduction

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is globally recognized as a serious human health threat. The rapid dissemination of AMR genes is remarkable under selective pressure due to widespread and imprudent use of antibiotics [1]. Enteric and diarrheal diseases are among the important causes of childhood deaths in developing countries [5]. These diseases are ranked as the second cause of childhood deaths under five years old and are responsible for about 750,000 deaths in this age group of children worldwide [6]. An assessment of global foodborne disease burden approximated 600 million cases and 420,000 deaths due to foodborne illness in 2010 [7]

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