Abstract

The molecular expression profiles of zebrafish ep2a and ep4b have not been defined to date. Phylogenetic trees of EP2a and EP4b in zebrafish and other species revealed that human EP4 and zebrafish EP4b were more closely related than EP2a. Zebrafish EP2a is a 281 amino acid protein which shares high identity with that of human (43%), mouse (44%), rat (43%), dog (44%), cattle (41%), and chicken (41%). Zebrafish EP4b encoded a 497 amino acid precursor with high amino acid identity to that of mammals, including human (57%), mouse (54%), rat (55%), dog (55%), cattle (56%), and chicken (54%). Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that ep2a was robustly expressed in the anterior four somites at the 10-somites stages, but was absent in the somites at 19 hpf. It was observed again in the pronephric duct at 24 hpf, in the intermediate cell mass located in the trunk, and in the rostral blood island at 30 hpf. Ep2a was also expressed in the notochord at 48 hpf. During somitogenesis, ep4b was highly expressed in the eyes, somites, and the trunk neural crest. From 30 to 48 hpf, ep4b could be detected in the posterior cardinal vein and the neighboring inner cell mass. From these data we conclude that ep2a and ep4b are conserved in vertebrates and that the presence of ep2a and ep4b transcripts during developmental stages infers their role during early zebrafish larval development. In addition, the variable expression of the two receptor isoforms was strongly suggestive of divergent roles of molecular regulation.

Highlights

  • Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important arachidonate metabolite that regulates an array of physiological processes in vertebrates, including immune responses (Kutyrev et al 2017), gastrointestinal function (Takeuchi and Amagase 2018), testicular homeostasis (Rey-Ares et al 2018), and ovulation (Baker and Van Der Kraak 2019)

  • We show that ep2a is robustly expressed in the somites, the pronephric duct, ICM, and notochord, whilst ep4b is highly expressed in the somites, the trunk neural crest, the posterior cardinal vein and the neighboring ICM

  • Full-length cDNAs for zebrafish ep2a and ep4b were cloned and the sequences were verified by blast searches

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Summary

Introduction

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important arachidonate metabolite that regulates an array of physiological processes in vertebrates, including immune responses (Kutyrev et al 2017), gastrointestinal function (Takeuchi and Amagase 2018), testicular homeostasis (Rey-Ares et al 2018), and ovulation (Baker and Van Der Kraak 2019). A number of disease models have been developed in zebrafish that can be combined with in vivo imaging approaches to monitor specific pathological processes, including cardiovascular disease and cancer metastasis (Bournele and Beis 2016; Tulotta et al 2016). In this regard, it has been shown that prostaglandin receptors play a key role in zebrafish development, including ovulation and T cell precursor development (Baker and Van Der Kraak 2019; Villablanca et al 2007). The expression of zebrafish ep2a and ep4b has not been systematically defined in the literature

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