Abstract
Cyclospora spp. have been identified as one of the most important intestinal pathogens causing protracted diarrhea in animals and human beings. To determine the Cyclospora species in the non-human primate Rhinopithecus roxellanae, a total of 71 fecal samples from 19 endangered snub-nosed monkeys in Shaanxi province were collected and examined using Sheater’s sugar flotation technique and by sequencing the fragments of 18S rDNA. Only two Cyclospora isolates from 2 golden snub-nosed monkeys (R. roxellanae) were obtained and identified between July 2011 and August of 2012. The sequences of the 18S rDNA for the two Cyclospora isolates were 477 bp, with no nucleotide variation between them. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S rDNA sequences revealed that the two Cyclospora isolates were posited into the clade Cyclospora spp. and sistered to C. colobi. These results first showed that Cyclospora infection occurred in R. roxellanae in hot and rainy weather, which would provide useful information for further understanding the molecular epidemiology of Cyclospora spp. and the control of Cyclospora infection in non-human primates as well as in human beings.
Highlights
Coccidian Cyclospora is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoa that inhabits in the mucosal epithelium of the intestine or bile duct of various vertebrates [1], and sometimes it is found in invertebrates, eg. the only species C. glomericola in the millipede [2]
Nineteen Cyclospora species have been described and identified in reptiles, insectivores, snakes, rodents, primates [1,3,4] and humans [5]. It was 1979 when Cyclospora spp. was firstly detected in three patients in Papua New Guinea [5] and eventually named as Cyclospora cayetanensis according to the classical morphology [6]
Diarrhea has been identified as the typical clinical symptom of cyclosporiasis in humans, especially in travelers [7,8] and AIDS patients [9], but the severity is closely related to person’s immunity [10,11,12]
Summary
Coccidian Cyclospora is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoa that inhabits in the mucosal epithelium of the intestine or bile duct of various vertebrates [1], and sometimes it is found in invertebrates, eg. the only species C. glomericola in the millipede [2]. Nineteen Cyclospora species have been described and identified in reptiles, insectivores, snakes, rodents, primates [1,3,4] and humans [5]. It was 1979 when Cyclospora spp. was firstly detected in three patients in Papua New Guinea [5] and eventually named as Cyclospora cayetanensis according to the classical morphology [6]. In China, Cyclospora infection in humans has been reported in Anhui, Zhejiang and Henan provinces [13,14,15] These studies suggested that the prevalence of C. cayetanensis is higher in villages than that in towns, and the prevalence of Cyclospora infection is associated with age and season. The Cyclospora prevalence in humans were markedly higher during warm and rainy seasons in Guatemala [16], Jordan [17], Nepal [18,19], Peru [20], USA and Canada [21], but in Turkey the Cyclospora prevalence was noted at hot and dry seasons [22], while in Haiti [11] Cyclospora infection occurred during the cooler and drier months of the year
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