Molecular Characterization of Compost at Increasing Stages of Maturity. 1. Chemical Fractionation and Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract

Composted organic biomasses at 60, 90, and 150 days of maturity were studied for changes in molecular composition. Compost samples were subjected to a mild sequential fractionation based on (1) organic solvent extraction, (2) transesterification with boron trifluoride in methanol (BF3-CH3OH), and (3) methanolic alkaline hydrolysis (KOH-CH3OH). The general chemical variations in compost residues following fractionation were monitored by DRIFT spectroscopy, whereas the molecular components separated along the fractionation steps were identified by GC-MS. DRIFT spectra suggested a progressive decrease of biolabile compounds such as alkyls, carbohydrates, and proteinaceous materials with compost maturity. Extraction of unbound components in an organic solvent indicated a considerable reduction of linear and branched alkanoic acids, both saturated and unsaturated, n-alkanes, and n-alkanols with enhancing compost maturity. Extracts of weakly bound molecules by transesterification revealed a decrease, with compost maturity, of components from more recalcitrant plant polyesters, such as omega-, di-, and trihydroxy acids, dioic acids, and n-alkanols. Extracts of strongly bound molecules by alkaline hydrolysis indicated a lower decrease of the same components, suggesting their reduced availability when in stable hydrophobic domains of progressively mature compost. The largest decrease in molecular components occurred when compost was stabilized from 60 to 90 days, whereas its composition did not significantly vary after stabilization at 150 days. The molecular structures of a number of steroids and terpenes appeared to be less susceptible to transformation with composting maturity, thereby resulting as useful biomarkers to trace the fate of composted organic matter in the environment. This work showed that a detailed molecular characterization of compost by a stepwise chemical fractionation enables the evaluation of compost maturity and origin of composted biomasses, as well as the identification of environmental tracers.