Abstract
While athletic abilities such as speed, endurance and recovery are important in the horse, genes related to these abilities have not been extensively investigated. Here, we characterized the horse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) gene and analyzed the expression of PPARδ during exercise. PPARδ is a known regulator of β-oxidation, muscle fiber transformation, and running endurance. Through evolutionary analysis using the synonymous and non-synonymous mutation ratio, it was revealed that positive selection occurred in the horse PPARδ gene. Two important domains related to nuclear hormone receptors, C4 zinc finger and ligand binding domain, were also found to be conserved well in horse PPARδ. Horse PPARδ was expressed ubiquitously in many tissues, but the expression level was various depending on the tissues. In the skeletal muscle, PPARδ increased about 2.5 folds after 30 min of exercise. Unlike in muscle, the increase of PPARδ expression was observed at 60 min but not 30 min of exercise in leukocytes. This finding might be useful for testing the endurance of horse using blood samples. Conclusively, the horse PPARδ gene is evolutionarily conserved well and can be used as a biomarker of endurance in horse.
Highlights
Many economic traits including speed, robustness, and endurance of racing horses are related to exercise
We showed To quantify the PPARδ gene in horse tissues and synonymous substitutions per site (Ks) and non- leukocytes, RT-quantitative polymerase chain reaction synonymous substitutions per site (Ka) in PPARδ gene for was conducted by using CFX-96 real-time PCR
It is of note that the lowest (0.407) and highest (1.553) differences of Ka of horse PPARδ were obtained when horse compared with cat and horse compared with mouse respectively
Summary
Many economic traits including speed, robustness, and endurance of racing horses are related to exercise. The National Institute of According to previous studies, expression of PPARδ Subtropical Agriculture, Rural Development Administration, mRNA and protein is increased in the skeletal muscle after Republic of Korea, provided three Jeju horses which were endurance exercise PPAR’s expression in skeletal muscle is related to the lung, appendix, colon, spinal cord and heart tissues were late induction of exercise-induced responses during kept in a liquid nitrogen tank until RNA extraction. Animal endurance training, such as increased oxidative capacity of care and sample collection were conducted in accordance type I muscle fibers and mitochondrial biogenesis (Wang et with protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care al., 2004). The cDNA was synthesized from the each RNA sample by moloney-murine leukemia virus reverse
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