Abstract
Fracture non-union, prosthetic joint infection and fracture-related infections are complications frequently encountered by the trauma and orthopaedic surgeon. Moreover, they pose a significant socioeconomic and healthcare burden to the society. A clear understanding of the molecular biology surrounding fracture healing, as well as the pathophysiology of orthopaedic-related infections, is of paramount importance to their successful management. The first section of this article aims to explain the basic science critical to the understanding of DNA, RNA, gene and protein expression, and the molecular techniques most commonly deployed in the diagnostic and research fields of trauma and orthopaedics. The second section provides a general overview of the molecular physiology of fracture healing and biofilm, the molecular characteristics and genetic predisposition of fracture non-union, followed by discussing recent advances in molecular techniques used in the diagnosis and treatment of fracture non-union, prosthetic joint infection and fracture-related infections.
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