Abstract
Plants have evolved seeds to permit the survival and dispersion of their lineages by providing nutrition for embryo growth and resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions. Seed formation is a complicated process that can be roughly divided into embryogenesis and the maturation phase, characterized by accumulation of storage compound, acquisition of desiccation tolerance, arrest of growth, and acquisition of dormancy. Concerted regulation of several signaling pathways, including hormonal and metabolic signals and gene networks, is required to accomplish seed formation. Recent studies have identified the major network of genes and hormonal signals in seed development, mainly in maturation. Gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acids (ABA) are recognized as the main hormones that antagonistically regulate seed development and germination. Especially, knowledge of the molecular mechanism of ABA regulation of seed maturation, including regulation of dormancy, accumulation of storage compounds, and desiccation tolerance, has been accumulated. However, the function of ABA and GA during embryogenesis still remains elusive. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the sophisticated molecular networks of genes and signaling of GA and ABA in the regulation of seed development from embryogenesis to maturation.
Highlights
Seeds are the products of the evolution of spermatophytes that enable the maintenance and spread of their lineages by providing nutrition for embryo growth and resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions through the state of dormancy
Receptors PYR/PYL/RCAR, SnRK2s, and ABREB/ABF transcription factors are degraded via the ubiquitinproteosome system (UPS), which secures the inhibition of the abscisic acids (ABA) response
When GA binds to GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1), the formation of the GA-GID1DELLA complex is promoted, and the complex is associated with F-box protein, the central component of SCFSLY1/GID2 E3 ubiquitin ligase, which leads to DELLA degradation via the ubiquitin 26S proteasome pathway [33,34,35]
Summary
Seeds are the products of the evolution of spermatophytes that enable the maintenance and spread of their lineages by providing nutrition for embryo growth and resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions through the state of dormancy. Gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acids (ABA) are recognized as primary hormones that antagonistically regulate seed development (including dormancy) and germination [2,3]. (ABA) are recognized as primary hormones that antagonistically regulate seed development (including dormancy) and germination [2,3]. The function of ABA and GA ular network regulating the seed development, metabolism, and signaling pathways of during embryogenesis still remains elusive. The ABA synthesized during the late phase of seed development (about 35–40 days after pollination (DAP)) is associated with the level of dormancy [15]. The accumulation of ABA involved in the induction of dormancy occurs during the early and middle stages of seed development (10–20 DAP), earlier than in wheat [17,18]. Catabolism of ABA occurs by conversion from ABA to phaseic acid (PA), which is catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) encoded by CYP707As [20]
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