Abstract
Aim:This study was designed to detect the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, to estimate the frequency of methicillin resistance gene (mecA), femA (specific gene for S. aureus), and lukS gene, and the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in human and bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus.Materials and Methods:A total of 102 cases of S. aureus were included in this study; 72 specimens were isolated from human with UTIs and 30 specimens were isolated from milk of cattle with acute mastitis. Diagnosis was done by VITEK 2 Compact after subculture and purification. All isolates were examined for the presence of mecA, femA, and lukS (Panton-Valentine leukocidin) using multiplex polymerase chain reaction.Results:Culture and biochemical evaluation of the samples revealed the presence of S. aureus, among which the genes mecA, femA, and lukS were positively detected in 68 (94.4%), 36 (50%), and 20 (27.7%) of S. aureus isolates from methicillin-resistant humans, respectively. In the same manner, the genes mecA, femA, and lukS were positively detected in 27 (90%), 14 (46.7%), and 11 (36.7%) of S. aureus isolates from methicillin-resistant cattle. Sequencing of partial order of femA gene isolated from human isolate and from cattle with mecA isolated from human revealed high sequence identity with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)-Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. S. aureus isolates and the phylogenetic analysis showed that there was a significant genetic similarity (0.5 genetic change) between human and animals isolates, and then, the gene sequences were deposited into NCBI-Genbank accession numbers MG696860.1 for mecA and femA from human, MG696861.1 for mecA and femA from cattle, MK474469.1 for mecA and femA gene from human, and MG696862.1 for mecA and femA gene from cattle.Conclusion:The study represents the first report of genetic relationship between S. aureus from humans and cattle of Iraq. Therefore, it is essential to define the role of animals as an important source of the distribution of pathogen related to public health. The continuous monitoring of methicillin susceptibility pattern of S. aureus isolates that have high standards of infections might prevent methicillin-resistant S. aureus transmission in either direction between human and cattle, the risk of dairy milk on humans, or self-direction between the same species.
Highlights
Since the discovery and extensive utilization of antibiotics, multidrug-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus has emerged
It is essential to define the role of animals as an important source of the distribution of pathogen related to public health
Culture and biochemical evaluation of the samples revealed the presence of S. aureus with positive detection of methicillin resistance gene (mecA), femA, and lukS, respectively, in 68 (94.4%), 36 (50%), and 20 (27.7%) of samples isolated from methicillin-resistant human samples
Summary
Since the discovery and extensive utilization of antibiotics, multidrug-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus has emerged. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was discovered in hospitals in the 1960s, which spread worldwide in community and hospitals in the 1990s, creating reservoirs in both settings [1]. The adaptive power of S. aureus to antibiotics produced to the emergence of MRSA. MRSA is one of the important pathogens implicated in hospital-acquired infection. S. aureus is an important pathogen responsible for both nosocomial and community-acquired infections in people and causes common diseases in animals, especially mastitis. This ubiquitous organism is carried asymptomatically in 20-30% of the human population [2]
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