Molecular and morphological data reveals new insights into genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.) landraces

Abstract

Chinese cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.) is an indigenous fruit crop with high nutritional and ornamental value. It is widely cultivated in China, and many landraces have accumulated in large distribution regions. Genetic diversity analysis of Chinese cherry landraces is useful for breeding programs, as it helps to select genetic material to be used for further crossing. In this study, 110 Chinese cherry accessions from nine populations were assessed using fifteen morphological traits and seventeen ISSR markers. High average coefficient of variation (CV = 17.43%) was detected based on morphological analysis. For molecular characterization, the global gene diversity (h = 0.2816) and Shannon information index (I = 0.4253) suggested a moderate high level of genetic diversity. Model-based STRUCTURE and principal coordinate analysis revealed three and two major gene pools based on morphologic and molecular data, respectively. Distinct distribution patterns of genetic variation between samples from southwest China and north China indicated two potential original domestication locations. We inferred that botanical features such as predominantly selfing characteristics, long lifespan, and insects-pollinated trait lead to the survival of abundant genetic variation and special genetic structure. This study provided morphological and molecular evidences for understanding genetic diversity and new insights into genetic consequence of populations for Chinese cherry landraces. Important implications for breeding programs and resources conservation were also provided.