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Abstract
BackgroundHuman adenovirus (HAdV) had been recognized as one of the most common enteric viruses associated with acute diarrhea in children. The present study was carried out to demonstrate the molecular and epidemiological characterization of HAdV Infections among children in Shandong province in China between July 2017 and June 2018.MethodsFecal specimens were collected from children under 5 years old with acute diarrhea. DNA was extracted from the stool specimens and adenovirus DNA was detected by PCR amplification with specific primers. The amplification products were subjected to electrophoresis and visualized on a UV transilluminator. All positive RT-PCR amplification products were sequenced and the obtained sequences analyzed by MEGA (version 7.0). Demographic information and clinical manifestation data were also analyzed.ResultsIn total, 656 fecal specimens were collected and the overall positive rate of HAdV was 7.47%. HAdV infections were detected in all age groups, in which children aged 13–24 months presented the highest positive rate. Seasonal pattern could be observed with a peak in December, January and February. Diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and fever were the main clinical manifestations, in which vomiting was the most common accompanied symptom. By phylogenetic analysis, four species (A, B, C, and F) were detected and seven different serotypes were identified. HAdV-41 (48.98%, 24/49) was the most common serotype followed by HAdV-3 (18.37%, 9/49), HAdV-31 (14.29%, 7/49), HAdV-7 (8.16%, 4/49), HAdV-40 (4.08%, 2/49), HAdV-1 (4.08%, 2/49) and HAdV-2 (2.04%, 1/49).ConclusionThis study indicated that HAdV infection was an important cause of acute diarrhea among children under 5 years old in Shandong province. The results will contribute to (a) increase understanding of the role of HAdV in diarrheal children and enhance identification of the predominant diarrhea pathogen for diagnosis; (b) avoid abuse of antibiotics; (c) monitor the change of prevalent HAdV serotypes and promote vaccine development and vaccination.
Highlights
Human adenovirus (HAdV) had been recognized as one of the most common enteric viruses associated with acute diarrhea in children
HAdV F species called enteric adenovirus was confirmed to be associated with acute gastroenteritis, in which HAdV-40 and HAdV-41 were the most common serotypes accounting for 1–20% acute diarrhea [10,11,12,13]
Limited data was available in Shandong province [33] and there was a gap in the understanding of the HAdV infections. This present study aimed to investigate the molecular and epidemiological characterization of HAdV Infections in children with acute diarrhea in Shandong province
Summary
Human adenovirus (HAdV) had been recognized as one of the most common enteric viruses associated with acute diarrhea in children. HAdV as a member of the genus Mastadenovirus in the family of Adenoviridae is double-stranded nonenveloped DNA virus Since it was first isolated in 1953 by Rowe et al [5], over one hundred serotypes had been identified and grouped into seven species (HAdV A-G) based on the biological and genetic characteristics with the development of phylogenetic and bioinformatic technology [6, 7]. HAdV F species called enteric adenovirus was confirmed to be associated with acute gastroenteritis, in which HAdV-40 and HAdV-41 were the most common serotypes accounting for 1–20% acute diarrhea [10,11,12,13]. Other non-enteric adenovirus species, such as HAdV A (types 12, 18 and 31), HAdV C (types 1, 2 and 5) and HAdV D (types 28, 29, 30, 32 and 37), were identified to be connected with acute gastroenteritis [14, 15]
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