Abstract
Background and Aim:Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus that causes encephalitis with a high impact on public health in Latin America. However, only in Guatemala, Trinidad and Tobago, and Mexico have found antibodies in VEEV in bats, using immunohistochemistry, the sensitivity and specificity are improved; thus, it is better for demonstrating natural infection in bats as potential hosts. This study aimed to determine the presence of VEEV in tissues of frugivorous bats.Materials and Methods:A prospective descriptive cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic sampling was carried out in 12 localities of Córdoba and Sucre area of the Colombian Caribbean. Two hundred and eighty-six bats were captured using fog nets, and the specimens according to taxonomic keys were classified. According to the Ethics Committee of the University of Córdoba, the bats were treated with analgesics and anesthetics. Blood samples were taken and then euthanized to obtain tissues and organs which were preserved in liquid N2 at −196°C. A portion of each organ was fixed in 10% buffered formalin for the detection of antigens by immunohistochemistry. Several pathological anatomy analyses were performed to determine the histological characteristics of tissue lesions of frugivorous bats naturally infected with the VEEV.Results:Of the 286 bats captured, 23 species were identified. In samples of the brain, spleen, and lung of two frugivorous bats (2/286=0.70%) Artibeus planirostris and Sturnira lilium, the presence of VEEV was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.Conclusion:A fragment of the nsP4 non-structural protein gene corresponding to the alphavirus was amplified. Two samples were positive (2/286=0.70%) in frugivorous bats; A. planirostris (code GenBank: MG820274) and S. lilium (code GenBank: MG820275). The present study showed the first molecular evidence and cellular evidence (histopathology and immunohistochemistry) of natural VEEV infection in frugivorous bats in Colombia; these bats could be a host of this zoonosis.
Highlights
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a positive-sense virus RNA of the family Togaviridae and the genus Alphavirus, within this same group are the equine encephalitis viruses (EEV) of the East and West, Mayaro, Madariaga, Mucambo, and Everglades [1,2]
The phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that sequences were closely related to the VEEV and only showed 3% of sequence divergence with previous sequences registered in GenBank (Figure-1)
Figure-1 Shows phylogeny of the VEEV obtained with MEGA Version 7.0 detected in frugivorous bats, and compared with other alphaviruses reported in Genbank
Summary
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a positive-sense virus RNA of the family Togaviridae and the genus Alphavirus, within this same group are the equine encephalitis viruses (EEV) of the East and West, Mayaro, Madariaga, Mucambo, and Everglades [1,2]. Venezuelan equine encephalitis is an emerging infectious disease in Latin America [3,4]. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. VEEV closely related that have been classified into two epidemiological groups: Enzootic and epizootic strains [3,5]. Enzootic strains (Subtypes I, DF varieties, and Subtypes II-VI) are regularly isolated in lowland and tropical forests in Florida, Mexico, Central, and South America, where the Culex vector mosquito (Melanoconiun) spp.[3,6,7]. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus that causes encephalitis with a high impact on public health in Latin America. This study aimed to determine the presence of VEEV in tissues of frugivorous bats
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