Abstract

In this study, the moisture sources for the explosive cyclogenesis Miguel that occurred during 4–9 June 2019 in the North Atlantic were investigated. To determine the moisture sources, the Lagrangian FLEXPART particle dispersion model was used. The moisture uptake pattern revealed the western North Atlantic Ocean extending to north-western North America, the south-eastern coast of Greenland, and the central North Atlantic Ocean around 45° N and 50°–20° W as the main moisture sources for Miguel explosive cyclogenesis. Furthermore, the moisture uptake from these regions was higher than the climatology. During the intensification of Miguel, the moisture contribution from oceanic sources was higher than terrestrial sources. Although the total amount of atmospheric moisture achieved during the explosive intensification was similar to that absorbed the 24 h prior, they changed in intensity geographically, being more intense the local support over central and northern North Atlantic basin.

Highlights

  • Extratropical cyclones (ECs) are a synoptic phenomenon that typically cause severe weather in midlatitudes, including heavy rainfall and strong winds [1,2,3,4,5,6]

  • The E − P > 0 field shows that the western North Atlantic Ocean, the south-eastern coast of Greenland, and the North Atlantic Ocean around 45◦ N of latitude were the main moisture sources for the EC

  • The North Atlantic Subtropical High-Pressure system (NASH) circulation was identified as the moisture-transport mechanism from the lower latitudes, as reinforced the vertical integrated moisture flux (VIMF) for both periods, 24 h previous explosive cyclogenesis (Figure 3a) and during the intensification (Figure 3b)

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Summary

Introduction

Extratropical cyclones (ECs) are a synoptic phenomenon that typically cause severe weather in midlatitudes, including heavy rainfall and strong winds [1,2,3,4,5,6]. In the North Atlantic and Northern Europe, rainfall associated with cyclones account for. ECs intensity and the amount of precipitation are linked to the processes of transport and distribution of moisture during their development phases [9]. Regarding moisture transport mechanisms in ECs, Sodemann and Stohl [11] showed that individual cyclones were responsible for the formation and maintenance of atmospherics rivers (ARs). Very long ARs require more than one cyclone to be maintained before the moisture is released as precipitation [9]. Gimeno et al [16] pointed out that ARs are associated with the pre-cold frontal region and the warm conveyor belt [17] of ECs

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