Abstract
Inflammasomes are key intracellular multimeric proteins able to initiate the cellular inflammatory signaling pathway. NLRP3 inflammasome represents one of the main protein complexes involved in the development of inflammatory events, and its activity has been largely demonstrated to be connected with inflammatory or autoinflammatory disorders, including diabetes, gouty arthritis, liver fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease, respiratory syndromes, atherosclerosis, and cancer initiation. In recent years, it has been demonstrated how dietary intake and nutritional status represent important environmental elements that can modulate metabolic inflammation, since food matrices are an important source of several bioactive compounds. In this review, an updated status of knowledge regarding food bioactive compounds as NLRP3 inflammasome modulators is discussed. Several chemical classes, namely polyphenols, organosulfurs, terpenes, fatty acids, proteins, amino acids, saponins, sterols, polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins, and probiotics, have been shown to possess NLRP3 inflammasome-modulating activity through in vitro and in vivo assays, mainly demonstrating an anti-NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Plant foods are particularly rich in important bioactive compounds, each of them can have different effects on the pathway of inflammatory response, confirming the importance of the nutritional pattern (food model) as a whole rather than any single nutrient or functional compound.
Highlights
Results showed that Non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) indirectly inhibit NLRP3 activation through the interaction between the NDCs and other pattern-recognition receptors that are essential to induce priming signals required for NLRP3 activation [130]
Several papers highlighted the anti-inflammatory activity of different polysaccharides probably ascribed to NLRP3 inhibition by decreased protein levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase1, and IL-1β [172,173,174]; few works assessed the pro-inflammatory efficacy of some polysaccharides towards the NLRP3 inflammasome
The importance of lipophilic vitamin E and its derivatives, which mainly occur as abundant nutrients in oily nuts and seeds, in inflammation and oxidation processes has been elegantly reviewed by Wallert and collaborators [175]
Summary
Inflammasomes are key intracellular multimeric protein complexes, able to initiate inflammatory signaling through sensor receptors, defined as pattern-recognition receptors (PPR). PPRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), or damageassociated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated by endogenous stress stimuli. The signal transduction continues intracellularly through an adaptor protein and an effector enzyme that cause the maturation and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The inflammasome activation ends up with the production of caspase-1, a major mediator in the inflammatory adaptive immune cell response [1]. Pro-interleukin 1β (pro-IL-1β) and pro-IL-18 are cleaved by active caspase-1 into their biologically active form to trigger endothelial cell responses, such as vasodilatation, which allows the extravasation of immune
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