Abstract
Lately, dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have shown substantial importance in human and animal nutrition, especially those of the n-3 group. Development and optimal functioning of the immune system are directed affected by diet. These dietary fatty acids have an important impact on the health and immune competence of various species including human beings. They are essential for the modulation of immune responses in health and disease. Fatty acid composition of immune cells can be modulated by the action of dietary fats and the outcomes in the composition can produce functional effects on reactivity and functioning of immune cells in a short period. There are several mechanisms involved in impacting dietary fatty acids on immune function; however, lipid mediator synthesis from PUFAs is of great importance in terms of inflammation. The objectives of this article are reviewing studies on the impact of PUFA in the diet on phagocytosis of chickens, murine, rats, ruminants, and humans. It also sheds light on the possible mechanism by which this immunomodulation occurs.
Highlights
A diet rich in nutrients is of utmost importance for the proper functioning of a living organism including its immune system
Results of this study revealed that all fatty acids (FAs), including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), were incorporated into plasma membranes of cells and that macrophages exhibited 25–55% enhancement in their phagocytic capacity in the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) cultures
PUFAs have been a topic of interest since the late 1980’s
Summary
A diet rich in nutrients is of utmost importance for the proper functioning of a living organism including its immune system. Dietary imbalance in the ratios of n-6/n3 (PUFAs) could adversely influence human and animal health These FAs are known to alter immune cell functions as they change the makeup of cell membrane phospholipids to membrane. The process of phagocytosis is essential to provide nutrients to unicellular and multicellular species where it takes place through specialized cells called phagocytes These cells recognize and engulf elements of more than 0.5 μm through the plasma membrane by forming a phagosome. The cells involved in phagocytosis can be divided into two classes: specialized and non-specialized phagocytic cells The former involves polymorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and tissue-resident macrophages whereas the latter consists of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells (DCs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect foreign bodies but are not functional as phagocytic receptors They combine with some non-opsonic receptors to trigger ingestion. The most relevant receptor under this type is Fc receptors (FcR) and the complement receptors (CR) [24]
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