Abstract
Implanted medical devices are very important electronic devices because of their usefulness in monitoring and diagnosis, safety and comfort for patients. Since 1950s, remarkable efforts have been undertaken for the development of bio-medical implanted and wireless telemetry bio-devices. Issues such as design of suitable modulation methods, use of power and monitoring devices, transfer energy from external to internal parts with high efficiency and high data rates and low power consumption all play an important role in the development of implantable devices. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on various modulation and demodulation techniques such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK) and phase shift keying (PSK) of the existing wireless implanted devices. The details of specifications, including carrier frequency, CMOS size, data rate, power consumption and supply, chip area and application of the various modulation schemes of the implanted devices are investigated and summarized in the tables along with the corresponding key references. Current challenges and problems of the typical modulation applications of these technologies are illustrated with a brief suggestions and discussion for the progress of implanted device research in the future. It is observed that the prime requisites for the good quality of the implanted devices and their reliability are the energy transformation, data rate, CMOS size, power consumption and operation frequency. This review will hopefully lead to increasing efforts towards the development of low powered, high efficient, high data rate and reliable implanted devices.
Highlights
Biomedical implantable devices have been available for more than sixty years
The amplitude shift keying (ASK) or on/off keying (OOK) is the simplest digital modulation used in wireless telemetry bio-devices and biomedical implanted devices [25]
The most common digital schemes appropriate for biomedical data transmission are briefly described as phase shift keying (PSK), binary PSK (BPSK), differential PSK (DPSK), quadrature PSK (QPSK), differential quadrature
Summary
Biomedical implantable devices have been available for more than sixty years. The first transistorized biomedical implanted device was designed and developed by Earl Bakken in 1957 for the cardiac pacemaker [1]. Investigations on implanted devices have been focused of the most important issues of biomedical implants, which are patient safety and comfort [2] This can be achieved by reducing the power consumption and ensuring efficient energy transfer to the implanted devices [3]. This paper provides a detailed review of the literature concerning the design of low power transmitters for different forms of digital bandpass modulations used in implanted devices covering the period from 2000 to 2011. The purpose of this review is to discuss and classify all the types of digital modulation used in wireless telemetry bio-devices and biomedical implanted devices to provide a good background on the challenges and problems that are being faced and to develop appropriate solutions
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