Modulation of phosphorylation status of MAP3 kinases under abiotic stress responses

Abstract

AbstractPlants must face various environmental stresses that they cannot avoid, and they have developed numerous mechanisms to survive these challenges. Phosphate‐mediated signal transduction is a common method for regulating gene expression and protein activity in response to stresses. Phosphate groups can be transferred to other proteins by proteins called kinases. MAP3Ks are the largest kinase family in plants, and they comprise various group and individual pathways collectively known as MAPK cascades. When plants encounter environmental stresses, several MAP3Ks act as positive or negative regulators by phosphorylating downstream proteins within the MAPK cascade, as well as transcription factors, cytoskeletal proteins, enzymes, and kinases, through their kinase activity. In addition, other upstream kinases and phosphatases regulate MAP3Ks by adding or removing phosphate groups. Various MAP3Ks have been isolated in many plant species, and evidence suggests that they function as post‐translational modulators under various abiotic stresses, including ABA responses as well as salinity, osmotic, drought, oxidative, cold, and heat stress. This review focuses on how plant MAP3Ks affect various abiotic stresses as regulators and substrates through post‐translational phosphorylation.