Abstract

Regulation of gene expression is achieved by the presence of cis regulatory elements; these signatures are interspersed in the noncoding region and also situated in the coding region of the genome. These elements orchestrate the gene expression process by regulating the different steps involved in the flow of genetic information. Transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to Protein) are controlled at different levels by different regulatory elements present in the genome. Current chapter describes the structural and functional elements present in the coding and noncoding region of the genome. Further we discuss role of regulatory elements in regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Finally, we also discuss DNA structural properties of regulatory regions and their role in gene expression. Identification and characterization of cis regulatory elements would be useful to engineer the regulation of gene expression.

Highlights

  • This flow of information from gene to proteins is a multistep pathway viz. transcription that is synthesis of RNA from the DNA and continues with the translation which is protein synthesis from RNA. Control of this flow of information is crucial for fate of the cell and this phenomenon is known as the regulation of the gene expression

  • Gene promoters involved in active transcription require accessibility to the DNA by RNAP machinery and associated factors, which is facilitated by nucleosome free region (NFR) or nucleosome-depleted region (NDR) [81, 82]

  • Promoter regions of orthologous genes show conserved DNA structural properties in prokaryotes and plants [98–100]. These findings suggest that the DNA structural properties of promoter regions are conserved across the various classes of organisms

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Summary

Introduction

The blue print of life, is essentially comprised of coding (genes) and noncoding (regulatory regions and other repetitive sequences) DNA. Genetic information is embedded in the form of coding regions (genes) that encode proteins. This flow of information from gene to proteins is a multistep pathway viz. Transcription that is synthesis of RNA from the DNA and continues with the translation which is protein synthesis from RNA. Control of this flow of information is crucial for fate of the cell and this phenomenon is known as the regulation of the gene expression. The function of the cell is determined by the amount and type of the

38 Bioinformatics in the Era of Post Genomics and Big Data
Noncoding elements of the genes
Untranslated regions
Intronic regions
Different promoter elements
Promoter structure and nucleosome dynamics
DNA structural properties of promoter regions
Modulation of gene expression
Gene expression noise and its regulation
DNA structural properties and their role in gene expression
Conclusions
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