Modulation of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase oligomeric equilibrium by calmodulin: Formation of active dimmers

Abstract

Muscle 6-phospho-1-kinase (PFK) is the key regulatory enzyme of the glycolytic pathway and is a calmodulin-binding protein binding two calmodulin molecules per PFK protomer. This enzyme is characterized by a complex regulation that involves its allosteric behavior modulated by several ligands, which modulate the equilibrium between the active tetramers and the inactive dimmers of the enzyme. Calmodulin is described to induce the dimmerization of PFK, so inhibiting its catalytic activity. Here, we show that binding of calmodulin specifically to its higher-affinity site of PFK induce its dimmerization without compromising enzyme catalytic activity forming a hitherto not described active dimmer of PFK. It is also shown that the dimmerization is a Ca 2+-dependent event that responds to physiological intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations and decrease the interaction of the enzyme to membrane site, which stimulate its catalytic activity. We propose that the effects of calmodulin on PFK reported here are of great physiological significance due to the response to physiological concentrations of Ca 2+ and due to be in accordance to the known effects of calmodulin on cell ATP production. We also propose that calmodulin might affect the interaction of PFK to other cellular components as the cytoskeleton.