Abstract
Most patients with complex malignancies show a high level of toxicity and limited long-lasting responses to current conventional therapies. In contrast, the immune system has the intrinsic potential to distinguish between self and non-self (foreign or different) cells, including cancer cells, and successfully eliminate them. Even after T and NK cells successfully navigate sophisticated surveillance paths studded with diversion networks, processes, and impediments, they must overcome the impacts of a highly neutralizing and immune-suppressive destination known as the tumor microenvironment (TME). A comprehensive understanding of these TME events, immune system stimulative OVs functions, and synergistic possibilities with other immune activating strategies will provide insight and present a unique opportunity for improved therapeutic efficacy against cancer. The synergistic potential of combining oncolytic viruses with immune checkpoint inhibitors merits further exploration. In particular, focusing on the PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed cell death) axis may hold promise in amplifying antitumor immune responses and thereby bolstering therapeutic outcomes.
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