Modulated parasystole as a mechanism of ventricular ectopic activity leading to ventricular fibrillation

Abstract

The electrocardiograms of 2 patients with frequent premature ventricular complexes characterized by variable coupling intervals and fusions with sinus activations were analyzed according to the modulated parasystole and reflection hypotheses of Moe et al. In addition, the ectopic activity was associated with couplets, tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Departures from the “classic” criteria of parasystole could not be explained satisfactorily if a completely protected (insulated) pacemaker was assumed. In each instance a triphasic response curve could be constructed, suggesting that modulated parasystole was the mechanism common to both patients. Couplets and runs of ventricular tachycardia were ascribed to single and repetitive reflection, respectively, in the presence of supernormal excitability of the ectopic pacemaker, the ventricle or both. In these patients, fibrillation probably resulted from spatial nonuniformity of the ventricular response to the reflected event during a phase of vulnerability. This study suggests that modulated parasystole in the presence of supernormal excitability may lead to very severe arrhythmias and trigger ventricular fibrillation. In the clinical setting, such patients may be misdiagnosed because of atypical features.