Abstract
A practical approach to the design of complex machinery is to standardize parts as much as possible. This approach is equally valid for the design of scientific instruments such as electron microscopes, provided there is no sacrifice in performance for the completed instrument. As an example, the illustration shows modular parts used elsewhere in an electron optical column, which are organized by design in this particular case to perform as a second condenser lens.Consider the upper polepiece. This modular piece is used in nine other places in the column; once in the lower condenser as shown, twice in the upper condenser, twice in the objective lens, twice in the second projector, twice in the third projector, and once in the first projector. Since all the polepieces are identical, they are all of the highest quality needed in the most critical lens, the objective. The optical system thus benefits from standardized high quality lenses, (which ultimately is the user's benefit), and the instrument maker benefits from the economy of making pieces in replicate.
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