Modified colloidal sol–gel process for fabrication of titania nanofiltration membranes with organic additives

Abstract

A modified colloidal sol–gel process with organic additives was proposed for the fabrication of TiO2 NF membranes with a MWCO of ~820Da and a water permeability of ~8L/(m2hbar). The properties of the TiO2 materials were greatly influenced by the modified route denoted Route B, but little difference was detected in the materials synthesized via the traditional route denoted Route A. For the TiO2 materials prepared using Route B, the DLS analysis showed that the particle size of the TiO2 hydrosol decreased as the amount of organics increased; the XRD patterns and TEM images confirmed the role of additives in restraining the TiO2 grain growth and A→R transformation. This behavior may be explained by the lower packing and ordering of the nanoparticles, which would inhibit rearrangement among the nanoparticles and slow both the grain growth and phase transformation. After comparing the N2 adsorption–desorption results, the TiO2 material with 90dwb% glycerin was optimized for forming NF membranes. Small organics were better for this process than larger ones. Finally, the TiO2 NF membranes were fabricated using Route B, and the resultant membranes showed better retention properties compared to those of the TiO2 membranes fabricated via Route A.