Abstract
This article presents a two-layer optimization scheme for simultaneous optimal allocation of wind turbines (WTs) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) in power distribution networks. The prime objective of this formulation is to maximize the renewable hosting capacity of the system. For outer-layer, a new objective function is developed by combining multiple objectives such as annual energy loss in feeders, back-feed power, BESSs conversion losses, node voltage deviation, and demand fluctuations caused by renewables subject to various system security and reliability constraints. Furthermore, a modified variant of African buffalo optimization (ABO) introduced to overcome some of the limitations observed in its standard variant. The proposed modifications are first validated and then introduced for simultaneous optimal integration of multiple distributed energy resources in distribution systems. The proposed modified ABO is employed to determine the optimization variables of outer-layer. Whereas, a heuristic is proposed to solve the inner-layer optimization problem aiming to determine the optimal dispatch of BESSs suggested by outer-layer optimization. By considering the high investment and operating cost of BESSs, minimum energy storage capacity has been ensured during the planning stage. To present the efficacy of developed model, it is implemented on a 33-bus, benchmark test distribution system for various test cases. The comparative simulation results show that the proposed optimization model and modified ABO is very promising to improve the performance of active distribution systems.
Highlights
In last few decades, the rapid advancements in distributed energy resource (DER) technologies have made modern distribution systems more upgraded in terms of reliability, security and robustness [1]–[5]
Various energy conversion equipment are being deployed which contribute to the power delivery losses, e.g., AC-DC and DC-DC converters associated with different DERs
It has been concluded that one distributed battery energy storage systems (BESSs) within the system significantly contributes in demand deviation reduction caused by wind turbines (WTs), voltage profile improvement, and feeders annual energy loss reduction
Summary
The rapid advancements in distributed energy resource (DER) technologies have made modern distribution systems more upgraded in terms of reliability, security and robustness [1]–[5]. The most of existing studies are focused either on single or limited aspects of BESS deployment in distribution networks These can be optimization framework, problem formulation, optimization method, objective function, deployment strategies, and operation/dispatch schemes. The goal of outer or upper layer is to determine optimal sites and sizes of WTs and BESSs, aiming to minimize multiple objectives such as annual conversion loss, feeder loss, back-feed power into main grid transformer, and node voltage deviation and standard deviation of system demand while ensuring effective utilization of BESS. Various energy conversion equipment are being deployed which contribute to the power delivery losses, e.g., AC-DC and DC-DC converters associated with different DERs. The high penetration of renewables back-feeds the transmission substations the back-feed power into the main grid is minimized in proposed work. This objective function ensures that the battery SOC should reach to its initial value at the end of everyday to perform day operations
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