Modifications of the Topical Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Embryo Larval Assay for Assessing Developmental Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol and p, p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

Abstract

One method currently available for investigating developmental toxicity in teleost species is the Japanese medaka embryo larval assay (MELA). In the present study, the MELA was modified to evaluate repeated topical exposures to pentachlorophenol (PCP) and p, p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and to identify sensitive stages of embryonic development. A single topical exposure using embryos at 48 h postfertilization resulted in a statistically significant increase in embryo mortality at 688 and 1250 ng PCP/egg compared with controls. In contrast, the toxicity following exposure to 11, 36, 78, 120, 208, and 400 ng DDT/egg was expressed only in larvae after hatching. Results further demonstrate that the MELA can be optimized to accommodate repeated daily topical exposures starting at 48 h postfertilization and ending at 120 h postfertilization. In addition, the neurula stage (24 h postfertilization) represented the most sensitive embryonic stage following a single topical exposure of PCP. However, no differences were observed in the sensitivity of embryonic stages following DDT exposure. The modified MELA was also used to evaluate sediment extracts contaminated with DDT metabolites obtained from the Tensas River, Louisiana. Results indicate that there is a low potential for developmental toxicity using the present extraction and exposure scenario even though elevated levels of DDE and toxaphene currently exist in several adult fish species at this site. The MELA as a screen for evaluating the potential for developmental toxicity of contaminated sediments is discussed.