Modification strategies of sol–gel carbon ceramic electrodes and their electrochemical applications

Abstract

Carbon ceramic electrodes (CCEs) have seen considerable improvement in performance for their use in electrochemical applications. These electrodes take advantage of both combining the sol–gel derived textural and morphological properties and the conductivity of the carbon-based materials. However, in electrochemical applications, unmodified CCEs doesn’t meet all requirements of sensitivity, stability to soluble compounds and electron transfer reactions. In order to improve the electrocatalytic performances, a surface or entire volume modification with various nanomaterials is commonly used. The modification of the CCEs is a major topic which found many applications in electrochemical sensing, biosensing and (bio) fuel cells. In this review article we discussed about the different ways and steps of the modification of CCEs and their application over the period from 2003 to 2022. This review will be helpful to open new windows on the control of CCE material properties and the discovery of new applications in the future.