Modification of the GLITEROS diabetes-specific hospital enteral formula based on jicama flour and tempeh flour with the addition of sunflower seed flour

Abstract

The diabetes-specific enteral formula is necessary to assist glycemic control for critically ill diabetic patients. The GLITEROS enteral formula is an innovative diabetes-specific hospital enteral formula made from local food, jicama flour and tempeh flour. However, the fat content in the GLITEROS enteral formula does not meet the fat requirements for a diabetes-specific enteral formula. Sunflower seeds are a good food source of monounsaturated fatty acids, specifically oleic acid which has antidiabetic effects. The addition of sunflower seeds to the GLITEROS enteral formula as a modification can optimize the lack of fat content. This study aimed to analyze the macronutrient content, dietary fiber, protein digestibility, and physical properties, including viscosity and osmolality of the modified GLITEROS enteral formula. This research was an experimental study with four formula groups, Formula A, B, C, and D, with different ratios of tempeh flour, jicama flour, and sunflower seed flour; (1:1:1), (1:1:2), (1:2:1), and (2:1:1). The variables of this study were energy density, calories, carbohydrates, fat, protein, dietary fiber, protein digestibility, viscosity, and osmolality were tested with three repetitions in duplicate. Data analysis used One-way ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Formula B had the highest density of energy, energy, fat, and dietary fiber compared to the four formulas. Meanwhile, Formula C had the highest protein content and digestibility value compared to other formulas. The highest viscosity and osmolality values were in formula A. Formula C was the most qualified formula in terms of macronutrient content, dietary fiber, protein digestibility, and physical properties of diabetes-specific enteral formulas according to the requirements of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), Canadian Diabetes Association (CDA), American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN)